火炸药学报

铝热剂应用研究进展

邓正亮,王亚军,刘瑞华,甘强,冯长根

(北京理工大学机电学院,北京 100081)

关键词：铝热剂; 铝热反应; 含能器件; 含能药剂; 微点火器件; 微推进器

Research Progress on the Application of Thermite

DENG Zheng-liang, WANG Ya-jun, LIU Rui-hua, GAN Qiang, FENG Chang-gen

(School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China)

Keywords：thermite; thermite reaction; energetic device; energetic agent; microigniter; microthruster

DOI: 10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.202312003

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参考文献

为深入理解铝热剂的应用情况,首先回顾了其发展历程,以实际应用问题为导向,对铝热剂在微含能器件(如微点火器和微推进器)、含能药剂(如烟火药、推进剂及其添加剂、起爆药和炸药添加剂)、材料制备(包括材料制备与合成、材料焊接)及其他领域(如安全装置、微生物灭杀、金属热切割和油井封堵)的应用研究进行了综述,并探讨了铝热剂应用中的安全性问题(包括感度和毒性问题); 总结了当前铝热剂应用研究存在的不足,如性能优异的铝热剂种类较为单一、对新应用场景开拓不足、对铝热剂的安全性研究不够深入等问题。最后对铝热剂应用研究未来的研究方向和发展趋势进行了展望,认为未来应朝着开发新型铝热剂、拓展新的应用领域以及深入研究铝热剂应用安全性等方向发展。附参考文献124篇。

In order to understand the application of thermite, firstly, the development process is reviewed. Then, guided by practical application problems, the application of thermites in micro energetic devices(such as microigniters and microthrusters), energetic agents(such as pyrotechnics, propellants and their additives, primary explosives, and explosive additives), material preparation(including material preparation and synthesis, material welding), and other fields(such assafety devices, microbial killing, metal thermal cutting and oil well plugging)are reviewed. The safety issues(including sensitivity and toxicity)in the application of thermites are discussed. The shortcomings of the application of thermites research are summarized, such as the type of thermites with excellent performance are relatively simple,the development of new application scenarios is insufficient, and the safety research of thermite is not deep enough. Finally, the future research direction and development trend of thermite application research are prospected, and the development direction should be to develop new thermite, expand new application fields, and further study the application safety of thermite.With 124 references.

引言
1 铝热剂的概念
2 基于铝热剂的微含能器件研究
3 基于铝热剂的含能药剂研究
4 基于铝热反应的材料制备研究
5 其他应用研究
6 铝热剂的安全性
7 结束语

图1 铝热剂相关名词云图<br/>Fig.1 Word cloud of thermites related terms

图1 铝热剂相关名词云图
Fig.1 Word cloud of thermites related terms

表1 几种常见铝热剂的反应方程式、能量密度和绝热反应温度[34]<br/>Table 1 Reaction equations, energy density and adiabatic reaction temperature of several common thermites[34]

表1 几种常见铝热剂的反应方程式、能量密度和绝热反应温度[34]
Table 1 Reaction equations, energy density and adiabatic reaction temperature of several common thermites[34]

图2 纸电极和纳米铝热剂薄膜的制备流程[39]<br/>Fig.2 Preparation process of the paper electrode and nanothermite films[39]

图2 纸电极和纳米铝热剂薄膜的制备流程[39]
Fig.2 Preparation process of the paper electrode and nanothermite films[39]

图3 (a)MIM结构微点火器[45];(b)集成了NTC的SCB-Al/MoOx结构图[46]; (c)～(d)新型硅基桥线微芯片点火器[52]<br/>Fig.3 (a)Micro igniters with MIM structured [45];(b)SCB Al/MoOx structure diagram integrated with NTC[46]; (c)—(d)Novel silicon based bridge wire microchip igniter [52]

图3 (a)MIM结构微点火器[45];(b)集成了NTC的SCB-Al/MoOx结构图[46]; (c)～(d)新型硅基桥线微芯片点火器[52]
Fig.3 (a)Micro igniters with MIM structured [45];(b)SCB Al/MoOx structure diagram integrated with NTC[46]; (c)—(d)Novel silicon based bridge wire microchip igniter [52]

图4 常见铝热剂产气量对比[34]<br/>Fig.4 Comparison of gas production of common thermites[34]

图4 常见铝热剂产气量对比[34]
Fig.4 Comparison of gas production of common thermites[34]

图5 集成了纳米铝热剂的微推进器[68]<br/>Fig.5 Micro thruster with nanothermites[68]

图5 集成了纳米铝热剂的微推进器[68]
Fig.5 Micro thruster with nanothermites[68]

图6 不同热流密度下推进剂的激光点火过程[78]<br/>Fig.6 Laser ignition process of propellants under different heat flux[78]

图6 不同热流密度下推进剂的激光点火过程[78]
Fig.6 Laser ignition process of propellants under different heat flux[78]

图7 被不同程度包覆的推进剂的火焰传播速度随时间的变化(Al为推进剂)[80]<br/>Fig.7 Change of flame propagation speed with time for propellants with different degrees of coating(Al is the propellant)[80]

图7 被不同程度包覆的推进剂的火焰传播速度随时间的变化(Al为推进剂)[80]
Fig.7 Change of flame propagation speed with time for propellants with different degrees of coating(Al is the propellant)[80]

图8 常见单质炸药的爆热对比<br/>Fig.8 Comparison of detonation heat of common explosives

图8 常见单质炸药的爆热对比
Fig.8 Comparison of detonation heat of common explosives

表2 几种复合材料制备过程中的化学反应<br/>Table 2 Chemical reactions in the preparation process of several composite materials

表2 几种复合材料制备过程中的化学反应
Table 2 Chemical reactions in the preparation process of several composite materials

图9 使用铝热剂焊接异种金属工艺示意图[98]<br/>Fig.9 Process diagram for welding dissimilar metals using thermites[98]

图9 使用铝热剂焊接异种金属工艺示意图[98]
Fig.9 Process diagram for welding dissimilar metals using thermites[98]

图10 (a)铝热剂烧毁钛壁示意图[100];(b)基于铝热剂的微自毁芯片[101];(c)～(d)基于铝热剂的新型断路器[103]<br/>Fig.10 (a)Schematic diagram of titanium wall burned by thermite[100];(b)Micro self-destruction chips based on thermites[101];(c)—(d)A new type of circuit breaker based on thermites[103]

图10 (a)铝热剂烧毁钛壁示意图[100];(b)基于铝热剂的微自毁芯片[101];(c)～(d)基于铝热剂的新型断路器[103]
Fig.10 (a)Schematic diagram of titanium wall burned by thermite[100];(b)Micro self-destruction chips based on thermites[101];(c)—(d)A new type of circuit breaker based on thermites[103]